SD2

System Architecture Fundamentals

Visualizing network and backend concepts exactly as they behave in production environments.

Bandwidth vs Throughput 🌐

Bandwidth is your server's 10Gbps max capacity (the dashed box). Throughput is the actual 5Mbps a student receives due to their local ISP limits.

Server
React
App

Latency (Round Trip Time) ⚡

The total milliseconds it takes for a student to click "Play Video", the request to reach the .NET API, and the first byte to return.

Wait: 120ms
Client
API

IOPS (Input/Output per Sec) 💾

How fast your database can physically read/write rows. High traffic doesn't matter if your DB can only process 500 queries per second.

8,500 IOPS
DB

Jitter 📉

When video packets arrive at unpredictable intervals. The network stalls, then delivers a massive clump of data, causing video buffering.

Video
Player

Packet Loss ❌

Packets dropped by unstable mobile networks. TCP re-requests them (causing lag), or UDP ignores them (causing glitchy video frames).

Server
Mobile

The Bottleneck 🚦

Your auto-scaled backend has 5 servers handling 10k requests/sec, but they all query a single database that can only handle 2k/sec.

DB

Queuing / Buffering 📥

When an exam deadline hits, 1,000 students submit at once. A message queue (like RabbitMQ) holds requests so the DB doesn't crash.

API
DB

Concurrency vs Parallelism 🔄

Concurrent: One thread rapidly switching between different API requests.
Parallel: Multiple CPU cores executing separate requests simultaneously.

Concurrent (1 Core)
Parallel (4 Cores)

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